日本語道場

Nihongo Dojo — N3 → N2

Grammar

N3

~上に

~ue ni

in addition to, on top of

When to use it

Use ~上に in reports, proposals, and written explanations to stack a second fact onto the first when both point in the same direction — two merits or two drawbacks. It is noticeably more formal than ~し or ~だけでなく, and carries an evaluative tone, so it fits summarizing why a plan is attractive or why a situation is problematic. Avoid it when the two clauses conflict in polarity, and don't use it before requests or invitations.

Formation

  • Verb: plain non-past or past + 上に — 費用がかさむ上に / 遅れた上に
  • i-adjective: plain form + 上に — 納期が短い上に
  • na-adjective: 〜な + 上に (written: 〜である上に) — 豊富な上に / 不安定である上に
  • Noun: 〜の + 上に (written: 〜である上に) — 初対面の上に / 新規案件である上に
  • Past forms are common when reporting a chain of setbacks: 説明が遅れた上に…

Examples

  • On top of the tight deadline, the budget is limited too.

  • He has extensive practical experience, and on top of that he's fluent in English.

  • The materials were sent late, and on top of that the figures were wrong.

  • This proposal is costly, and moreover its effect is unclear.

  • They're a new client, and on top of that the contact person just changed.